上課大綱：
- 馬爾薩斯 (Rev. Thomas Robert Malthus, 1766-1834) 的思想背景：
William Paley (1743-1805) 的自然神學思想。
Marquis de Condorcet (1743-94) 和 William Godwin (1756-1836) 相信進步的樂觀啟蒙哲學。
- 馬爾薩斯幾個基本概念：
Geometrical Ratio, Arithmetical Ratio, Preventive Check, Positive Check
- 英國醫學界和公共衛生運動對馬爾薩斯思想的回應：
Ⅰ. 愛爾蘭醫師對馬爾薩斯的回應
Ⅱ. 蘇格蘭醫師William Pultney Alison (1790-1859) 和神學家 Thomas Chalmer (1780-1847) 對馬爾薩斯的回應
Ⅲ. Edwin Chadwick (1800-90) 的功利主義公共衛生政策。
- 討論。
思考議題：
- 在馬爾薩斯的人口學說中，自然的秩序和社會的規範之間有怎樣的關係？
- 科學史學者 Steve Shapin and Simon Schaffer 在 Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle and the Experimental Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985) 一書中主張：‘We shall suggest that solutions to the problem of knowledge are embedded within practical solutions to the problem of social order, and that different practical solutions to the problem of social order encapsulate contrasting practical solutions to the problem of knowledge’. (Leviathan and the Air-Pump, p.15)。就馬爾薩斯思想、醫學界的回應以及這些討論的社會、政治脈絡而言，你同意這樣的說法嗎？同意或不同意的理由是什麼？
指定閱讀：
- Thomas Robert Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population (London: Penguin, 1985).
- Christopher Hamlin and Kathleen Gallagher-Kamper, "Malthus and Doctors: Political Economy, Medicine and the State in England, Ireland and Scotland, 1800-1840," in Malthus, Medicine, & Morality: ‘Malthusianism’ after 1798, ed. Brian Dolan (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2000), pp.115-140.
參考書目：
- Brian Dolan ed., Malthus, Medicine, & Morality: ‘Malthusianism’ after 1798 (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2000).
- Christopher Hamlin, Public Health and Social Justice in the Age of Chadwick: Britain 1800-1854 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 1-83.
- Boyd Hilton, The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1785-1865 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988).
- Donald Winch, Malthus (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).
- Robert Young, "Malthus and the Evolutionists: The Common Context of Biological and Social Theory," Past & Present 43 (1969): 109-145.
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