思想史中的杜甫
陳弱水
本文透過杜甫傳世詩文，廣泛考察其思想的特色，目的在指出，子美不僅為文學史之巨人，在思想史上也有突破的意義。以往常有一種看法，認為杜甫代表的是一個崇高但典型的傳統文人心靈，這是他的詩何以受到高度評價的重要原因。本文提出一個歷史的觀點，論證杜甫在他自己的時代，思想其實屬於較新的形態，屬於唐宋之際思想巨變的開端部分。個人希望，本研究能對中晚唐思想演變的過程與特性之抉發，有所助益。
全文共分五節。第一節通過杜詩中「致君堯舜上，再使風俗淳」意念的分析，說明子美政治社會觀的若干特質。第二節概述杜甫心靈中的釋道成分。第三節析論儒家價值在杜甫生命所發生的具體作用，並指出他的思想迥異於傳統中古心靈的所在。第四節比較杜甫及其友朋的思想，希望具體展現子美心靈在他的時代屬於特殊形態的事實。最後一節推測，杜甫詩作在唐代最具思想影響力的部分，可能是其中的胡人形象，此節並作簡單的總結。
關鍵詞：杜甫 唐代思想史 中唐儒家復興
Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica
This paper examines the thought and mindset of Tu Fu (712-770). The aim is to illustrate that Tu Fu was not only a giant figure in China's poetic tradition, but held values of enormous significance in intellectual history. A common view among critical studies of Tu Fu's work holds that he embodies both the most honorable and most typical elements of traditional Chinese literati culture, and for this reason, his poetry has received consistently high praise. This paper argues from a historical point of view that, in his own times, Tu Fu's mindset actually belonged to a relatively new model. He was a participant of an emerging trend in the mid-eighth century that led, eventually, to the great T'ang-Sung intellectual change. The author hopes that this paper may contribute to a deepened understanding of the process and features of the transition in question.
This paper is divided into five sections. The first discusses Tu Fu's socio-political views through an analysis of a recurrent theme in Tu's poems. The second gives a general description of the Buddhist and Taoist ingredients in Tu's thought. The third section explains the impact of Confucian values on Tu's internal life, pointing out the differences between Tu's thought and the traditional medieval mentality. The fourth compares Tu's ideas with those of his companions, showing clearly that, within the contemporary intellectual context, Tu was an atypical element. The final section conjectures that the most influential intellectual aspect of Tu's poems may be his image of the non-Chinese "barbarian." A concise conclusion is also given.
Keywords: Tu Fu, T'ang intellectual history, the Confucian revival in the mid- and late T'ang