〈從唐代「生祠立碑」論地方信息法制化〉
劉馨珺
摘要
本文從《唐律疏議》卷11〈職制律〉「長吏輒立碑」（總134條）的規範著手，透過歸納唐代114件「生祠立碑」的事例，分析有唐一代的生祠立碑活動之時間、地點、職官、方式的合法性與否，從而建構唐代考課制度執行的面相。
本研究以唐代地方官「生祠立碑」史料為基礎，就律令的規定，進而思考立法者的目的，從散漫不全的事蹟中，發掘地方群眾的意向，了解地方信息傳達的可能性。本文主要討論有兩大項：一是析論唐朝中央如何合法化地方「通傳信息」的過程，亦即從頒佈、申請流程及觀察使核定的生碑法令，來思考官方治權與社會勢力的互動關係。二是理解中央政權如何控制官僚個人的規範，以及如何在地方上樹立良吏的典範，論述唐代法令實踐的情況。
目前所收集114件唐代地方官建立生碑的事例中，就時間而言，唐代前期與後期數量並無太大差別。統計各朝皇帝立碑的數目，可知高宗之後，德政碑的數量日趨增多，玄宗迄德宗是建碑的高峰期。就地點而言，建碑的活動以北方為主，集中在兩京和黃河下游至淮水流域的精華區，而魏州更是特殊的地方；南方多見於襄陽與揚州，是中古以來的重鎮，值得注目之處是最南方的廣州。就職官而言，州衙的刺史、郡守及府尹最容易被立碑，其次是縣衙的縣令。晚唐，節度使樹立德政碑，佔有重要的趨勢。就建碑的方式而言，合法的事例占六成以上，顯示建碑執行程序與法律效力。但晚唐邊區的吏人、百姓、僧道經常集體赴闕，為節度使、刺史申請立碑建祠，這又意謂著地方鎮使勢力的高漲，亦可象徵考課制度施行的困難度提高。
事實上，唐代藉由這些地方官「申明法禁」、「崇其法制」的努力，推行中央法令遍及於轄境。朝廷則透過「奏課第一」、「考績為最」的官員政績考核制度，樹立「足式天下長吏」的良吏典範。地方也藉由立碑法規定，宛如中央另類「耳目」，將官員的施政層層呈報，最後公開在合法「生祠立碑」的刻石上。
關鍵詞：生祠、立碑、德政碑、遺愛碑、考課、信息義
The Legislation of the Mudium for the Communication between the Central and the Local in the Tang Dynasty:
The Discussion of the Erection of Commemorative Shrines and Steles
Liu, Hsin-Chun
Abstract
This article starts with the discussion of the law in the Administrative Regulations in Book 11 of Tang Legal Code (section on professional regulations), indicating that, “senior officials will have a stele inscription erected.” We can reconstruct the practice of “inspecting achievements” regime in the Tang Dynasty by systemizing the 114 cases regarding the erections of the commemorative shrines and steles in the Tang Dynasty and analyzing the time, space, the official positions, and legitimacy.
This research is based on the historical sources of the commemorative shrines and steles and further to examine the dynamic states of inspecting achievement system with a purpose to understand the possibility of the communication between the central and the local. The research contains two main points: the first one is to analyze and discuss the process of how the central authority legislated the communication medium between the central and the local. In other words, this research examines the relationship between official authorities and local powers by observing the verified cases regarding the commemorative shrines and steles-erecting. The second one is to discuss the practices of Tang laws by observing how the central authority controlled the individual official and how to establish models as good local officials.
The analysis of the Tang 114 cases regarding the erections of commemorative shrines and steles approved by local officials shows that the amount of shrine-erecting cases makes not much difference in the former and latter periods of the Tang Dynasty. Looking at the amount of shrine-erecting cases during each emperor’s reign, we can see that the number of the shrines for the virtuous government increased after Emperor Gaozong and reached its peak during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong and Dezong. By looking into the location of the shrines, most of the shrine-erecting events took place in the north, centering around the Chang’an, Luoyang, and the most prosperous zones of downstream Huanghe River and Huai River; Wei Zhou is a special case. In the south part, most of the shrines were found in Xiang Yang and Yanhzou, both of which were important cities at that time; the special case in the south is Guangzou. For the official positions, Provincial Governor, Prefect and Prefectural Magistrate were most easily elected to have a commemorative shrine, and then the County Magistrate. In the Late Tang Dynasty, a lot of shrines for virtuous government were erected by Jiedushi (regional military governor). To approaches the erection of the a shrines, more than 60 percent of the cases were legalized, which shows the execution procedure and legal efficacy of shrineserecting. But on the other hand, in the Late Tang Dynasty, the local officials, citizens and monks of Buddhism and Taoism from the border regions usually went to the central government in groups and requested commemorative shrines for the Jiedushi. This can be taken as the evidence to prove the emerging local power and the more difficulties in practicing “inspecting achievement” system.
In fact, the central authority of the Tang Dynasty reached deep into the localities by making the local officials to “declare the law” and “appreciate the law”. By using “inspecting achievement” system, such as “reporting is the first policy” and “the achievement is the most important”, the central authority created models for officials. And by examining the cases of erecting commemorative shrines and steles, the central authority was able to know the governance of local officials. The governance of local officials was reported from the local to the central, and finally being inscribed on the stone steles.
Keywords: commemorative shrine, commemorative stele, shrine for virtuous government, inspecting achievements system, communication |
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〈棧法與宋《天聖令‧廄牧令》「三棧羊」考釋〉
賴亮郡
摘 要
「棧」法是以橫木架高，置禽畜於其中，儘量限制其消耗熱量的活動，並多與餵食，以藥物調理其腸胃，在短時間內迅速催肥禽畜，以取得肥腴細嫩肉質的畜養方式。北宋年間，一方面朝廷祭祀用牲中的羊肉用量大增，二方面人們嗜食「無脂肥羊肉」，再加上此時畜養技術改進，朝廷特在京師分三大圈棧養羊口以供御用之所需，因此宋《天聖令‧廄牧令》中出現「三棧羊」的專有名詞。從宋《天聖令‧廄牧令》中得知，宋人除了將「棧」法大量運用於養羊事業外，也用特定的藥物來調理羊隻的腸胃，其目的都在於快速催肥動物，除增加其出肉率外，也由此得到極肥而無脂的羊肉。由是可見，北宋的畜牧技術又邁進一大步，反映出唐、宋間畜牧事業及飲食文化的變遷。
關鍵詞：棧法、天聖令、三棧羊
Textual Research on Zhan and "Three-Zhan Sheep" in "Animal Husbandry Statue,
Tiansheng Statutes" of the Song Dynasty
Lai Liang-Chun
Abstract
"Zhan" is a kind of the stable which is erected with crossbars. People confine the fowls or livestock inside the Zhan in order to limit their activities of consuming calories and best to feed them as well as take care of their stomachs with medicines. The purpose is to increase the weights of the fowls or livetook since people can supply the best quality of tender meats. During the era of North Song Dynasty, the royal court set up three Zhans to raise sheep in order to supply the royal demand of the mutton for three reasons: 1. The demand of the mutton as sacrifice in royal worship ceremony increases very fast; 2. People like to eat "mutton without fat"; 3. The technology of the animal husbandry has been innovated quite a lot. Therefore, in "Animal Husbandry Statue, Tiansheng Statutes", there proper term "Three-Zhan Sheep", was used. From the newly found "Animal Husbandry Statue, Tiansheng Statutes", we obsenve that the Song people use the Zhan method in sheep raising industry with great quantity. They also use specific medicines for taking care of the livestock's stomachs. Their purpose is to try to increase the livestock's weight as fast as possible and increase the production rate of the mutton. In this article, we can see the technological progress of the animal husbandry in the North Song Dynasty. This progress responses the transformation of animal husbandry and the dietary culture between the Tang and Song Dynasties.
Keywords: Zhan, Tiansheng Statutes, Three-Zhan Sheep |
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〈明代司獄形象及其社會地位的探討〉
連啟元
摘 要
在司法制度之下，案件經司法機構審判執行之後，監獄即為監禁罪犯的場所。明代全國府州縣各地皆設有監獄，而在府級以上行政單位，設有司獄司的專責機構來管理獄政事務，司獄司的長官為「司獄」，官秩從九品，任官原則以九年為滿任，並經過九年三考，作為查考、升黜的標準。司獄既然管理獄政事務，管理獄卒與監獄囚犯，因此獄政事務的清明與否，實與社會秩序息息相關，然而實際上司獄雖有品秩，卻往往被歸入雜職人員，復以吏員身份，不屬於科舉進士出身，社會地位頗受忽視。本文嘗試以明代監獄的專責管理的官員——司獄為討論主軸，並藉由司獄群體作為考察對象，探討司獄的職權運作，以及在司法與獄政制度之下的重要性，同時探討其社會地位的形象與觀感，是否影響獄政制度的推行，進而討論對整體明代社會秩序的可能影響。
關鍵詞：明代、司獄、提牢主事、提牢御史、監獄、閩中三司獄
The Social Status and the Image of Prison Officials in the Ming Dynasty
Lien, Chi-Yuan
Abstract
The Prisons was established across the country in the Ming Dynasty and the special apparatus to administer the prison affairs was established only above the provincial level. The officials in charge of the prison need to superintend the daily life, the diet and the work of the prisoners. The background of such officials generally was not very well in the Ming dynasty and therefore had the adverse impact on the social status. This article intends to discuss the group of the officials in charge of the prison in Ming and interpret the operation of the duties and power, as well as the relationship between the prison affairs and the judicial system. Then from the perspective of the penitentiary system, prison officials may be one of the factors which affect the social order and security.
Keywords: Ming Dynasty, prison official, jail, social status, Three Prison Officals in Fujian |
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〈明慎用刑──從故宮檔案論清朝政府的恤刑思想〉
莊吉發
摘 要
以檔案資料為中心，分析清朝政府明慎用刑的恤刑思想，是法制史研究的重要課題。本文撰寫的旨趣，是以恤刑思想為中心，舉例說明各類檔案資料的史料價值。清朝《刑法志》的纂修，反映清朝中央政府的恤刑思想。從《起居注冊》的記載，可以說明康熙皇帝重視人命，留心刑獄。從清朝諸帝《御製文集》的內容，可以說明朝廷對刑清訟簡的期盼。《硃批奏摺》反映了各省州縣擅用私刑的嚴重性，對地方吏治造成嚴重負面作用。地方京控案件發交原先問官覆審，往往造成冤獄。軍機處奏摺錄副及其附件如供單等，含有同治、光緒年間葛品連命案京控案件，奉旨不准仍交原問官覆審，終於真相大白，楊乃武等人平反冤獄，是朝廷明慎用刑的具體表現。
關鍵字：恤刑、刑法志、御製文集、起居注冊、硃批奏摺、京控、軍機處奏摺錄副
The Mercy and the Punishment: the Discussion of the Thinking in the Mercy and Punishment in the Qing Dynasty
by Analyzing the Archivis of the National Palace Museum
Chuang, Chi-Fa
Abstract
Using the archives as a basis for research, analyzing and understanding the humanitarian consideration given to prisoners in the Qing dynasty is important to the research of legal history. The focus of this article is to explain the value of historical documents in demonstrating the merciful practices in the sentence of the Qing dynasty government. The alteration seen in the Qing dynasty document, ~xing fa zhi”(Torture Method), reflects the theory of applying compassion to punishment as desired by the central government of the Qing. By observing the record ~ci ju zhu ce”(Daily Life Notes), it is clear that the Emperor Kangxi valued human life and exercised compassion in the verdicts. The record gathered from the ~yu zhi wen ji” (Royal Literature Collection), shows that other emperors also expected their governments to adopt the light torture and simplified the litigation procedures. In ~zhu pi zou zhe” (The Emperor’s Reply), the inhumane sentencing conventions of individual provinces were condemned by the Emperor as the practices which negatively affected the local governments. Oftentimes, residents of such province would appeal to the central government to review the case but ultimately, the verdict would remain the same. For example, documents from the Grand Council regarding the murder of Ge Pin Lian during the regimes of Guangxu and Tongzhi show that the case could not be reviewed and as such, the truth was revealed at the time. The Cases in which the judgment was revoked, such as that of Yang Nai Wu, are examples of the use of caution and intelligence by the government in matters of punishment.
Keywords: careful in meting out punishment, a record of criminal law, Royal Literature collection, Diaries of the Emperor’s Morements and Utterances, Palace Memorials which bear the imperial endorsements, appeal to the central government, the Grand Council’s copies of the Palace Memorials
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〈 近代初期教派化運動與神聖羅馬帝國國家法學〉
江玉林
摘要
教派化（Konfessionalisierung）理論是德國歷史學者Wolfgang Reinhard以及Heinz Schilling兩位，在1981年提出的。這個理論試圖從社會史的視野，來檢討歐洲近代初期宗教改革期間，教會、國家、社會彼此之間的互動關係。教派化理論的重點是，無論是世俗權力或是教派勢力，它們都想要透過彼此積極而緊密的策略聯盟，建立一批又一批忠誠的臣民與信徒，以強化自己的實力。在教派化過程中，不僅神聖羅馬帝國陷於分裂，更因此出現歐洲特有的教派國家（Konfessionsstaat）型態。在宗教戰爭中，接受新教信仰的帝國領邦，試圖透過帝國公法／帝國國家法學的論述策略，來反擊舊教帝國勢力所提出分離主義與背棄帝國的攻訐。本文希望從教派化理論，來勾勒出近代初期促成帝國公法／帝國國家法學、乃至教派國家現身的歷史脈絡。
關鍵詞：教派化、世俗化、教派國家、帝國公法、帝國國家法學、神聖羅馬帝國
The Early-Modern European Confessionalization and the Development of ‘ius publicum imperii’
Chiang, Yu-Lin
Abstract
The conception of Confessionalization developed by Wolfgang Reinhard and Heinz Schilling in 1981 intends to analyze the early modern European social interaction between the religion, the state, and people. As the secular territorial states enlarges their power by the union with certain reformed churches, the Holy Roman Empire fell into the crisis of the separation. At the same time, the territorial states, including not only the Protestant, but also the Catholic, have all changed themselves into the confessional state in which state and church cooperates to discipline the whole society. Furthermore, some Protestant territorial states and cities encountered the orthodoxists’ war menace and the empire jurists’ criticism of separationism. In order to answer these questions, the Protestant territorial states took the “legalization strategies” constructing the new public law arguments to relieve the doubts concerning their legitimacy and loyalty to the Empire. This article will find out the historical conditions which make the emergence of “ius publicum imperii” and the confessional state possible.
Keywords: confessionalization, secularization, confessional state, ius publicum imperii, Holy Roman Empire |
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〈再議古代法律中的「親屬容隱」規定〉
張傳璽
摘 要
對中國歷代律典在〈名例〉篇中「親屬容隱」規定的真實所指和制度含義，從詞義、律文分析、歷史變革等角度著眼，本文認為：「隱」和「容隱」字詞在不同文獻中有不同含義，歷代律典中「容隱」一詞用法有變化，雖都隱含「庇護」之意，但不同情形下具體各指「不告」或「藏匿」，「同居相為隱」之「容隱」，實指藏匿；律之「同居相為隱」條針對藏匿罪人、偷報消息等犯罪事發後協助罪犯逃避官府制裁的行為，與告發等無關；「親屬容隱」規定的確立，乃是舍匿罪人之罪的例外，是親情入律的表現；唐律及明清律例之間，該規定已有所改變，應慎引明清材料以證「容隱」規定的整體發展。圍繞「容隱」主題，本文並試圖發現目前觀點的由來及其在方法和眼光上的不足。
關鍵字：容隱、系統容隱說、不告不證說、藏匿、告
The Further Discussion on the Provision regarding ‘Allowing the Concealment of the Relatives’
in the Chinese Ancient Laws
Zhang, Chuan-Xi
Abstract
The comprehensive aspects of the article of Allowing Concealing Relatives in the first chapter Names and Applications of Punishments of all extant ancient Chinese codes have been put forward. By analyzing on the meaning of the word concealment, and those related articles to this provision and historical changes, this monograph gets its own conclusion that to conceal has different meanings in different texts and its usage had been changed in those codes. Though it implicates to shield, it is necessary to distinguish its accurate meaning, namely, to hide or not to accuse, according to different circumstances, and it means to hide in the article of Allowing Concealing Relatives; that the provision of Allowing Concealing Relatives is aimed at such crimes to assisting the criminals whose commissions have been known by authorities in escaping from punishments, as hiding criminals, informing them that authorities are searching for them, etc., with no relation to not accusing; that the article of Allowing Concealing Relatives is a provision reflecting the impacts of relationships in family upon the law, conferring persons in certain circumstances the privilege of hiding criminals, which is a crime itself; that with overall changes of the codes, this provision also changes. Changes in Ming and Qing’s laws compared with those in dynasties before these two should be paid much attention to, and it is wise to use the evidences of Ming and Qing with caution to demonstrate the whole development of this provision. Upon this topic, this monograph has a further intention to track out the origins of the dominative arguments objected to by this monograph, and to point out their defects in both aspects of the methods and the perspectives.
Keywords: concealment; Argument of Concealing System; Argument of Not Accusing or Testifying; Hiding; Accusing |
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〈明末清初工商禁碑與地方法律秩序──以江南地區「禁當行碑」為中心〉
李雪梅
摘 要
工商禁碑，作為地方官府進行工商業管理的主要法制形式，明末清初開始出現，並主要集中於江南地區。在這些禁碑中，以「禁當行碑」即禁止官吏、衙役、兵丁強迫工商戶無償或低價提供勞役和物資以勒索滋擾工商業者的內容所占比例最大。它們既反映了當時工商業者面臨的艱難環境，同時也成為工商業者謀求生存發展而訴求法律保護的主要方式。本文以現存的數十份「禁當行碑」為依據，分析其頒刻緣由、主要內容及其作用效果，進而探求地方官府和工商業者在市場法律秩序創制過程中分別所起的作用，初步揭示當時市場法律秩序中的政府因素和民間因素之間的關係。
關鍵詞：明清、工商禁碑、法律秩序
The Formulation and Implementation of the Law regarding the Bans on the “Provision of the Labor”
by the Trade Industy in the Late Ming and Early Qing Period: A focus on the Ban in the Jiangnan District
Li, Xue-Mei
Abstract
The prohibition steles of trade and industry, as the main legal measure of the local government to supervise the trade and industry arose during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties , were mainly concentrated in the Jiangnan region. Among them, the 「exaction-prohibited-steles」 cut the largest proportion. The exaction-prohibited-steles not only reproduced real difficult living environment for businessmen, but also reflected them to seek survival and development and the demanded of the legal protection of the initial attempt. This paper was based on several dozen copies of the existing exaction-prohibited-steles, and tried to analysis the reason, the content and effect of exaction-prohibited-steles, and seek out local officials and businesses how to play a role in creating the market legal process.
Keywords: Ming and Qing Dynasties; Prohibition steles of trade and industry; Legal process
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〈重讀《中國法律與中國社會》──追憶瞿同祖先生〉
劉廣安
摘 要
瞿同祖先生所著《中國法律與中國社會》，是一部值得仔細閱讀、反覆閱讀的法史學經典著作。這部著作在法律分析與社會分析互動結合、法律分析與禮制分析緊密結合、法律分析與儒家思想分析互動結合、法律分析與宗教分析適當結合、法律分析與案例分析互相結合，以及重要史料系統引證和重要概念仔細辨析方面，為法史學論著的寫作樹立了典範，值得我們永遠珍視。
關鍵字：重讀、瞿同祖、經典著作
To Reinterpret Law and Society in Traditional China: Recollection of Mr. Tung-Tsu Chu
Liu, Kuang-An
Abstract
Law and Society in Traditional China by T’ung-tsu Ch’u is a classical writings on legal history which is worthy to reading carefully and repeatedly. This book is a paradigm in the writing of legal history works in many respects as follows: being the interactive combination of the legal analysis and the social analysis, being the close binding of the legal analysis and the ritual system analysis, being the interactive integration of the legal analysis and the Confucianism analysis, being the appropriate combination of the legal analysis and the religious analysis, being the mutual combination of the legal analysis and the case analysis, being the citation of historical materials systematically and discrimination of important concept carefully. Therefore, this book should be cherished forever.
Key words: rereading; Ch’u T’ung-tsu; classical writings |
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